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Objective From the perspective of biophysics and immunology, the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) on biophysical characteristics, cytoskeleton and migration ability of mouse derived dendritic cells (DCs) were analyzed, so as to explore the effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on immune function of DCs and its potential mechanism. Methods The bone marrow-derived monocytes from C57BL/6J mice were isolated and induced to differentiate into immature dendritic cells (imDCs) by 20 ng/mL recombinant murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmGM-CSF) and 10 ng/mL recombinant mouse interleukin-4 (rmIL-4), After 6 days, 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide was added to induce mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Further the morphological observation and positive rate of CD11c in imDCs and mDCs were analyzed, Then at different concentrations of EPA and DHA (0-60 μmol/L), the cell viability and apoptosis of DCs were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) kit and flow cytometry. After the optimal concentration of EPA and DHA were determined, the changes of the membrane fluidity, electrophoretic mobility (EPM) and osmotic fragility of DCs were separately detected by the fluorescence polarization, cell electrophoresis and concentration gradient. The expression of filamentous actin (F-actin) was detected by the immunofluorescence. Finally, the migration ability of DCs was detected by the Transwell system. Results The positive rate of CD11c in DCs was about 80%. The viability of DCs decreased in a dose-dependent manner under the action of EPA and DHA of different concentrations, which didn’t induce the apoptosis of DCs. Under the action of 50 μmol/L EPA and DHA, the osmotic fragility and EPM of DCs significantly decreased, and the membrane fluidity significantly increased. The expression of F-actin in DCs obviously increased, and the migration rate of cells obviously decreased. Conclusions ω-3 PUFAs may affect the cytoskeleton structure and biophysical characteristics of DCs, inhibit the migration, and then affect its immune function.
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Formula granule of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been characterized as a safe medication with the advantages of accurate dosage and easy to carry.In this study,references over current status of the development of TCM formula granule were retrieved,so were those of the market situation and its application to intelligent pharmacy of TCM.Then the key problems restricting the development of the application of TCM granules were discussed,in hope of providing a reference for the development and its application to the intelligent pharmacy of TCM.
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Objective To analyze the epidemiologic features of Pneumocystis pcumonia (PCP) among non-HIV infected patients in China. Methods Sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) specimens obtained from 851 pneumonia patients without HIV infection from Jan. 2006 to Oct. 2008 were detected, using PCR and Gomori' s methenamine silver (GMS) stain for Pneumocystis jirovecii. Results Of the 615 sputum specimens, P.jirovecii positive rates of PCR and GMS stain were 20.3% and 10.2% respectively (P<0.05). Of 236 BALF specimens, P. jirovecii positive rates of PCR and GMS stain were 32.6% and 25.5% respectively (P0.05). Of the total 851 pneumonia cases, 123 (14.5%) were GMS positive for P.jirovecii cyst and 202 cases (23.7%) were PCR positive for P. jirovecii DNA. In those immuno-suppressed patient group including patients with connective tissue diseases, organ transplant recipients, nephrotic, hematologic diseases and malignant tumor, P. jirovecii positive rate appeared the highest, 28.2% for GMS stain and 39.4% for PCR. There were also PCP patients in the immuno-competcnt pneumonia patient groups including senile patients with chronic diseases and patients without clear predisposing immuno-deficiencies. The positive rates of P. jiroveeii GMS were 8.7% and 10.9% , respectively and 17.5% and 19.6% for P. jiroveeii under PCR.Conclusion PCR assay seemed sensitive for the detection of P. jirovecii in the sputum specimens and could be used for screening PCP patients without HIV infection. Our data showed that there was high risk of PCP in non-HIV infected patients in China.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To provide scientific basis for angiostrongyliasis cantonensis control and prevention in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze angiostrongyliasis cantonensis reported from June to September in 2006.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>141 cases were treated at the Beijing Friendship Hospital with the peak in July (61 cases) and August (68 cases). All patients had dined at the same restaurant in Beijing city and they ate undercooked Pomacea canaliculata or related eatables. The source of Pomacea canaliculata was from Guilin in Guangxi. Major manifestations would include fever (56.79%), headache (93.83%), neck stiffness (100%), and skin paresthesia (77.78%). Some cases had significant eosinophil increase in peripheral blood picture and cerebrospinal fluid respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The source of infection related to angiostrongyliasis cantonensis was clear, suggesting that the improvement of restaurant sanitation and on awareness of personal hygiene were important preventive and control measures on angiostrongyliasis cantonensis.</p>
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Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Angiostrongylus cantonensis , Virulence , China , Epidemiology , Strongylida Infections , Diagnosis , Epidemiology , ParasitologyABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To analyze one case of pericardial pain induced by drug combination of omeprazole so as to provide reference for drug combination in the clinic. METHODS:A 79-year-old male patient was admitted because of stage Ⅲ hypertension,coronary heart disease,acute attack of chronic bronchitis in Dec. 2 of 2009. He was treated with omeprazole and pericardial pain was observed during treatment. ADR caused by omeprazole were put forward in the clinic. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Omeprazole combined with other drugs can easily cause ADR for example,pericardial pain. The universality of ADR induced by drug combination of omeprazole should be further confirmed because of limited sample.
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Objective To detect circulating antigen (Cag) for diagnosing neurocysticercosis. Method ELISA was performed with monoclonal antibody 4B6 against the cyst fluid antigen of Cyticercus cellulosae for detecting Cag in serum and/or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with neurocysticercosis or with other diseases. Results In the group of 82 cases of neurocysticercosis, the positive rate of serum Cag was 79.2% (65/82) and the positive rate of CSF Cag was 100% (26/26). After chemotherapy for 20 cases with positive serum Cag, the titer of serum Cag in 17 cases dropped to zero(85% ). Cag could not be detected in specimens from patients with other diseases. Conclusion These results indicate that the determination of Cag, especially of the CSF Cag, is useful for the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis and the drop in serum Cag is a good parameter for the evaluation of the effectiveness of chemotherapy.
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<p><b>AIM</b>To observe the effects of hypoxia on DNA synthesis and the expression of collagen type I and III mRNA in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Cardiac fibroblasts(CFs) were isolated from adult Wistar rat ventricule and cultured in vitro either in normoxic or hypoxic condition. Studies were conducted with the second passage of CFs. The changes of DNA synthesis was determined by measuring the incorporation of 3H-TdR into DNA and the changes of expression of pro-alpha1 (I) collagen, pro-alpha1(III) mRNA were measured by in situ hybridization respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The 3H-TdR incorporation of CFs was increased by 34% (P < 0.05) and 36% (P < 0.01) after 6 h, 12 h hypoxia (2% O2) exposure respectively. The level of pro-alpha1(I) collagen mRNA expression was significantly elevated in the cells under hypoxia for 4 h, 8 h, and 12 h. The expression of pro-alpha1(III) mRNA increased when cells were cultured under hypoxia for 2 h.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These results suggest that hypoxia alone can upregulate DNA synthesis and expression of collagen type I and III mRNA in adult rat cardiac fibroblasts. It may be one of the important mechanisms by which hypoxic myocardial fibrosis occur.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Cell Hypoxia , Cells, Cultured , Collagen Type I , Metabolism , Collagen Type III , Metabolism , DNA , Fibroblasts , Metabolism , Myocytes, Cardiac , Cell Biology , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
AIM：To investigate the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1(ET-1) in regulation of coronary vascular reserve (CVR) during hypoxia.METHODS： CVR were measured with 99m TC radiolabelled frog RBC, the changes of NO-2，ET-1 contents， nitric oxide synthase(NOS) activity and the myocardial morphometry were observed. RESULTS： (1) Acute hypoxia caused an increase in left and right ventricular myocardial blood flow，myocardial NO-2，ET-1 contents，NOS activity，but CVR in the left and right ventricle were decreased compared with the control group.(2) Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia for 90 days did not lead to significant change in left ventricular CVR，myocardial ET-1/NO-2 ratio. However, right ventricular myocardial ET-1 contents，ET-1/ NO-2 ratio were increased，right ventricular CVR and myocardial NO-2 contents were decreased. We also observed that perivascular collagen，arterial wall thickness in right ventricle， hematocrit，RV weight index were augmented. CONCLUSION： Rest myocardial blood flow was increased，CVR was decreased；The decreased coronary vascular reserve during chronic hypoxia might be resulted from the increased hematocrit，arterial wall thickness，perivascular collagen，ET-1 content, the decreased NO content and right ventricular hypertrophy
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AIM: To explore the mechanism of ET-1, NO and PGI 2 release from coronary artery endothelial cells (CAEC) induced by acute hypoxia. METHODS: Bovine coronary artery endothelial cells were cultured and [ 45 Ca 2+ ] was used to investigate the difference of calcium uptake between normoxia group and hypoxia group (3% O 2). The contents of ET-1, NO and PGI 2 in media of normoxia group, hypoxia group and hypoxia + verapamil group were measured 24 h after hypoxia. RESULTS: [ 45 Ca 2+ ] uptake by CAEC in hypoxia group was 1.9 times more than normoxia group ( P
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Hemorrhagic shock was studied in 9 sheep living and born at 3658m above sea level. It was found that cardiac pump function and isovolumic systolic and diastolic function of biventricles were reduced. There were no significant changes of peripheral and pulmonary vascular resistance as compared with the control values. After reinfused shed blood, all above parameters immediately return to the control values, the results suggest that impaired systolic and diastolic function is due to the decreased preload. Two hours after reinfused shed blood, At Ci, Si, carotide blood flow fell obviously, later mean aortic arterial pressure and dp/dtmax of LV decreased while LV diastolic pressure and T constant increased, At last dp/dtmax of RV diminished and diastolic pressure of RV raised. These results indicate that the dysfunction of biventricles may be produced by the reduced myocardial contractility, and left ventricle impaired earlier than right ventricle. Two hours after reinfused shed blood, pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were increased but aortic arterial pressure was reduced.
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The response of breathing 100% oxygen was studied in 9 anesthetized piglets, born and living at 3658m high altitude. After breathing pure oxygen at highland piglets right ventricular systolic pressure, dp/dt max of the right ventricle, stroke index, pulmonary vascular resistance and pulmonary arterial pressure were decreased obviously, but no significant changes were seen in the dp/dt max of left ventricle and cardiac index, peripheral vascular resistance and aortic pressure. These results suggested that the main factor responsiable for the increase in pulmonary resistance of highland piglets was hypoxic vasoconstriction. Breathing pure oxygen decreased dp/dt max of right ventricle, it appeared to show that chronic hypoxia might augment the right ventricular performance. The percent physiologic shunt was decreased by the inspirated pure oxygen. This fact implied that VA/Q mismatching occurred in highland piglets.
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The main pathological changes of hypoxia in the myocardium were lysis or necrosis of the myocardium.hyperplasia or swelling of myocardial mitochondria,and swelling.increase of pinocytic vesicles in number,and appearance of tubules and villus-like eminences in the endothelial cells of myocardial capillaries:And those in the lungs were thickening of the wall and narrowing of the lumen of pulmonary arterioles,and swelling or appearance of proteinous material in the connec- tive tissue around pulmonary venules.After the treatment with dilthiazem.the pathological lesions were decreased in number or diminished in severity.In addition,the pathological mechanisms of hy-poxia and the therapeutic efficacy of dilthiazem were discussed.
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Objective To establish axenic cultivation of Pneumocystis carinii (P.c). Methods The organisms of P.c were isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of the rats with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and cultured in a medium which was based on IMDM (GIBCO) supplemented with S-adenosyl-L-methionine, putrescine, N-acetyl glucosamine, putrescine, L-cysteine and L-glutamine, and newborn calf serum. The organisms cultured in the system were identified by observing the morphology of cysts in smears stained with Gomori's methenamine silver nitrate stain (GMS). Ultrastructure of the cysts/trophozoites was examined by transmission electron microscopy. The sequences of mitochondria] large ribosomal DNA subunit of the cutured organisms were compared with the Pneumocysti carinii f.sp. ratti variant isolate (GenBank No U20173) and Pneumocystis carinii f.sp.hominis (GenBank No M58605). Results Five isolates of P.carinii received from BALF of 8 rats with PCP were cultured axenically and continuously in the system. The cultured organisms could be stored in frozen condition and used to reinitiate culture, and were amplified by 19-22 times within 72 h. The morphology, ultrastructure and gene sequencing of the cultured organisms confirmed that the isolated organisms were P.carinii. Conclusion Five continuously and axenicly cultured isolates of P.carinii have been received.
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AIM:To investigate the roles of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1(ET-1) in regulation of coronary vascular reserve (CVR) during hypoxia.METHODS: CVR were measured with 99m TC radiolabelled frog RBC, the changes of NO - 2,ET-1 contents, nitric oxide synthase(NOS) activity and the myocardial morphometry were observed. RESULTS: (1) Acute hypoxia caused an increase in left and right ventricular myocardial blood flow,myocardial NO - 2,ET-1 contents,NOS activity,but CVR in the left and right ventricle were decreased compared with the control group.(2) Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia for 90 days did not lead to significant change in left ventricular CVR,myocardial ET-1/NO - 2 ratio. However, right ventricular myocardial ET-1 contents,ET-1/ NO - 2 ratio were increased,right ventricular CVR and myocardial NO - 2 contents were decreased. We also observed that perivascular collagen,arterial wall thickness in right ventricle, hematocrit,RV weight index were augmented. CONCLUSION: Rest myocardial blood flow was increased,CVR was decreased;The decreased coronary vascular reserve during chronic hypoxia might be resulted from the increased hematocrit,arterial wall thickness,perivascular collagen,ET-1 content, the decreased NO content and right ventricular hypertrophy.
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The left and right cardiac function of 11 patients with chronic mountain sickness was studied before and after oxygen administration. It was found that after pure oxygen was inhaled, the internal diameter of the right ventricle, the ratio between right and left ventrcular diameters, and the heart rate were decreased significantly, while the ?-wave excursion of the pulmonary valve and the EF slope of the mitral valve were increased obviously. However there was no change of the systolic time interval of both the ventricles and of the left ventricular systolic function. The results suggest that oxygen inhalation could relieve hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and improve left ventricular diastolic function.
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This experiment was designed to observe the changes of the functions of the two ventricles during acute hypoxia and to determine the efficacy of sodium ni-troprusside on the pressor response of the pulmonary artery under hypoxic condition. 14 piglets were anesthetized and force to inspire a gas mixture containing 10% or 5 %O2 in nitrogen respectively.During moderate hypoxia, there were increase of the dp/dt max, the systolic pressures and the develope pressures of the two ventricles, and shortening of the R-dp/dt time but there was no significant change of the end diastolic pressures of the ventricles. At the end of the ten-minute hypoxia, 7 piglets were given intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside. Then the pressures in the pulmonary artery and aorta were found to be reduced promptly but no change occurred in the dp/dt max and the systolic pressures of the ventricles.During severe hypoxia, 4 piglets showed a progressive falling of the cardiac functions while the remaining 9 showed a preliminary compensatory augmentation followed with a gradual falling of the cardiac functions. The survival time of the latter was longer than that of the former.These results indicate that the contractility of the myocardium is augmented during moderate hypoxia, the existence of cardiac compensatory response is one of the important factors determining the survival time of the animal, and sodium nitroprusside can markedly reduce the pulmonary arterial hypertession due to hypoxia.
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The changes of pulmonary rheography of 12 bikers were investigated after they had been physically trained under hypoxic condition in a hypobaric chamber simulating altitudes of 2000 m, 3000m, and 4000m respectively. All the bikers were permanent inhabitants at 1895 meters above sea level.The changes were most marked on the rheographies taken at the simulated altitude of 4000m. Comparing with the control values at the sea level, the authors found that tonic interval (Q-a interval) on the bikers' pulmonary rheographies was prolonged. The amplitude, the mean rate of filling and the rate of maximal ascending of the systolic wave were decreased.The results showed that hypoxic physical training could result in the contraction of pulmonary vessels. In turn it caused pulmonary arterial hypertension and reduced the amount of blood circulating through the lungs. Pulmonary arterial hypertension could further increase the afterload of the right ventricle.Eight days after the bikers returned to the sea level, all the indices also returned to their original levels except the tonic interval. It is apparent that these changes are most likely to be functional rather than organic.
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The combined effect of stepwise intermittent hypoxia and physical training was investigated with ultrasonic cardiography on 12 bikers who were permanent inhabitants at 1895 meters above sea level and were subjecting to physical training under hypoxic condition in a hypobaric chamber. It was found that the internal diameters of the right ventricle and right pulmonary artery of the bikers increased proportionally with the increase of both the altitude and the duration of the physical training. At a simulated altitude of 4000 meters, the cardiac stroke volume and cardiac cutput, the internal diameter of the left ventricle and the left ventricular mass increased markedly as compared with those at sea level. The thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior wall of the left ventricle also increased. The stroke volume and cardiac output of the bikers increased more significantly at the simulated altitude of 4000m., that at the altitude of 3000m. All these change are still within the physiologic ranges and can be considered as adaptation changes to highaltitude training. NO case of acute mountain sickness occurred in any of the trained bikers.These findings suggest that this intermittent stepwise hypoxic physical training can improve the cardiac function and increase its adaptibility towards hypo-xic conditions.
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The dynamic changes of the functions and the weight index of the 2 ventricles and the density of ?-adrenoceptors in the myocardium were observed and the correlation between the changes of ?-adrenoceptors of the myocardium and.the peripheral lymphocytes was investigated during and after intermittent chronic hypbxia in rabbits.The fingings were as follows.(1)Chronic hypoxia resulted in an increase of systolic pressure,dp/dtmas and weight index of the right ventricle.25 days after the restoration of normal oxygen supply,systolic pressure and dp/dtomas of the right ventricle became normal but its weight index remained increased.(2)The density of ?-adrenoceptors of the 2 ventricles was reduced on the 7th,15th and 30th day of hypoxia as compared with that of the control.25 days after the restoration of oxygen supply,the density of ?-adrenoceptors became normal in the left ventricle but remained decreased in the right ventricle.(3)There was a positive correlation between the changes of ?-adrenoceptors in the 2 ventricles and peripheral lymphocytes.The findings suggest that hypoxia-induced hypertrophy of the right ventricle is usually accompanied with a decreased density of its ?-adrenoceptors and thedensity of ?-adrenoceptors of peripheral lymphocytes can reflect the changes of ?-adrenoceptors in the myocardium.
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This is a report of echocardiographic features of high altitude cardiac disease. The authors examined 25 healthy men at sea level as a control, 45 healthy male inhabitants at 3658 meters and 25 male inhabitants at the same high level but with high altitude cardiac disease. The results showed that the internal diameter of right ventricle and right pulmonary artery in healthy inhabitants was larger as compared with that seen in the control group. However, there was no significant difference in the internal diameter of the left ventricle, the value of stroke volume, cardiac index or ejection fraction between these two groups. These findings suggest that the left ventricle of the healthy inhabitants adapts to the high altitude well. The echocardiographic features of the male inhabitants suffering from high altitude cardiac disease showed several peculiarities. There was an enlargement of the internal diameters of the right ventricle and the right pulmonary artery; the pulmonary valves showed typical echocardiographic patterns of pulmonary hypertension; the internal diameters of the left ventricle and the values of stroke volume are also increased but their ejection fractions decreased significantly as compared with the healthy inhabitants. Prolapse of mitral valve was observed in four patients. Left ventricular dilatation and dysfunction may be the result of systemic hypertension, polycythemia, increase of cardiac output or hypoxia. Echocardiographic criteria for diagnosis of high altitude cardiac disease are outlined.